From 1398 until the Union of Lublin in 1569 its full name was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia. Ambassador to Norway Marc Nathanson for comparing Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 to Germany's invasion of Norway in [] When this was done, they [the Mongols, "Tartari")] marched against Rus', and made great havoc in it, destroyed cities and forts, and killed people. Okkupert ("Occupied"), the most expensive Norwegian television show in history, never mentions the word "quisling.". Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5027N 3031E / 50.450N 30.517E / 50.450; 30.517, Kievan Rus',[a][b] also known as Kyivan Rus'[c][7][8][9][10][11] (Old East Slavic: .mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT","Vilnius",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}.mw-parser-output .script-Glag{font-family:Shafarik,"Menaion Unicode TT","Menaion Unicode",Vikidemia,Bukyvede,FreeSerif,Ja,Unicode5,"TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Noto Sans Glagolitic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}, romanized:Rus, or , russka zeml; Old Norse: Gararki), was a state and later an amalgam of principalities[12] in Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century. Velychenko, Stephen, "Nationalizing and Denationalizing the Past. [43] Recent scholarship has attempted to move past the narrow and politicized debate on origins, to focus on how and why assimilation took place so quickly. The plan was for them to reach Lakselv some 160 miles West in Norway by 15th Nov. On the 7th Oct. however the Soviet 14th Army and Northern . Source: Shutterstock/anmbph Ukrainian forces have reportedly captured more than 10,000 Russian military vehicles since the start of Putin's invasion of Ukraine, according to the open-source intelligence tracker Oryx. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Gktrk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugrians and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region,[90] leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. They visited the Christians of the Latin Church, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. Kiev was also dominant in internal trade between the Rus towns; it held a monopoly on glassware products (glass vessels, glazed pottery and window glass) up until the early- to mid-12th century until which it lost its monopoly to the other Rus towns. .. [i] His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. At least nine people were killed, including a two-year-old child, and 21 wounded on Friday when a Russian missile strike hit residential buildings in the eastern . When Vladimir assumed the throne, however, he set idols of Norse, Slav, Finn, and Iranian gods, worshipped by the disparate elements of his society, on a hilltop in Kiev in an attempt to create a single pantheon for his people. 688 .: . [133][copyright violation], Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. The Rus' used log rafts floated down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the transport of goods, particularly slaves to Byzantium. [citation needed], His son Danylo (r.12381264) looked for support from the West. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. [76][116], The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. [21] At the same time, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod. . Novgorod and north West Russia was mostly settled by Vikings and Some sources even States Oleg was nothing more than a Scandinavia vassal King. Around 1030, Iaroslav founded a divinity school in Novgorod for 300 children of both laymen and clergy to be instructed in "book-learning". [76] A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. [citation needed], Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. Swedish invasion of Russia. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. Elena Melnikova, 'The "Varangian Problem": Science in the Grip of Ideology and Politics', in. [44] By the early 9th century, bands of Scandinavian adventurers known as Varangians and later Rus' started plundering various (Slavic) villages in the region, later extracting tribute in exchange for protection against pillaging by other Varangians. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). These trading routes became less important as the Byzantine Empire declined in power and Western Europe created new trade routes to Asia and the Near East. The raid was led, according to the Primary Chronicle, by a king called Igor. The debate over this issue futile, embittered, tendentious, doctrinaire served to obscure the most serious and genuine historical problem which remains: the assimilation of these Viking Rus into the Slavic people among whom they lived. After his death in 1132, the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev, instead of focusing on the external threat of the Cumans, was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. The U.S. State Department recommended Sunday that all U.S. citizens in Ukraine leave the country immediately, citing Russia's significant military buildup on the border. [75] The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin. [85], Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the eastwest overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Hkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. [58][59] Though the debate over the origin of the Rus' remains politically charged, there is broad agreement that if the proto-Rus' were indeed originally Norse, they were quickly nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices. At the same time, an uprising took place in Kiev, bringing to power Vseslav of Polotsk who supported the traditional Slavic paganism. [83][84] Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. [citation needed] In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Ruthenian subjects. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. A Russian invasion of Ukraine is possible before the Winter Olympic Games in China end on February 20, the White House has warned. The Rus Invasion of Scandinavia is a military operation led by Prince Oleg of Kiev along with his ally Ivar the Boneless to capture Scandinavia and most especially Norway. The Rus Invasion of Scandinavia is a military operation led by Prince Oleg of Kiev along with his ally Ivar the Boneless to capture Scandinavia and most especially Norway. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. [citation needed], From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus'. [citation needed], However, a long and unsuccessful struggle against the Mongols combined with internal opposition to the prince and foreign intervention weakened Galicia-Volhynia. (2013), 'no adequate system of succession to the Kyivan throne was developed' after the death of Yaroslav the Wise (r.10191054), commencing a process of gradual disintegration. [136][17], In the early 10th century, Kievan Rus' mainly traded with other tribes in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen. [121] The attack was well timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Russia claims that Norway blocked supplies of equipment and food at the Storskog land border crossing that were to be loaded onto a ship bound for Svalbard for Russian miners in the archipelago. [148], The peoples of Rus' experienced a period of great economic expansion, opening trade routes with the Vikings to the north and west and with the Byzantine Greeks to the south and west; traders also began to travel south and east, eventually making contact with Persia and the peoples of Central Asia. [39], Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, most of the area north of the Black Sea, which roughly overlaps with modern-day Ukraine and Belarus, was primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. More. [152], Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. [55] Nationalist accounts on the other hand have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians,[56] noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. The Rus' were said to have violently killed their victims. [citation needed], In the 11th and the 12th centuries, the princes and their retinues, which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites, dominated the society of Kievan Rus'. This position, roughly representing a scholarly consensus (at least outside of nationalist historiography), was summarized by the historian, F. Donald Logan, "in 839, the Rus were Swedes; in 1043 the Rus were Slavs". [citation needed], Boniak was a Cuman khan who led a series of invasions on Kievan Rus'. [113][dead link] In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'. [130] The greatest resistance against Christianisation appears to have occurred in northern towns including Novgorod, Suzdal, and Belozersk. These treaties deal with the treatment of runaway Byzantine slaves and limitations on the amounts of certain commodities such as silk that could be bought from Byzantium. '[153], In 988, the Christian Church in Rus' territorially fell under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople after it was officially adopted as the state religion. Nancy Shields Kollmann, Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus.. [65][non-primary source needed] In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians,[failed verification] driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. As people relied less on passing through Kievan Rus' territories for trade, the Kievan Rus' economy suffered. For the city had been very large and populous, but now it seems reduced to nothing: for hardly more than two hundred houses remain, whose inhabitants are also held in absolute servitude. Rus is an Arabic word and the source of the word Russia. [citation needed] In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavych united the two previously separate principalities of Halych and Volhynia. In June 941, the Rus' staged a naval ambush on Byzantine forces, making up for their smaller numbers with small, maneuverable boats. From what I know this is pure fiction. This compulsory baptism was followed by compulsory education Schools were thus founded not only in Kiev but also in provincial cities. [86] These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria (2006). This shift in ideology became known as the verv'. NATO has also become increasingly concerned about the potential sabotage of Norway's oil and gas infrastructure. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917 (2005). [m][n], Serhii Plokhy (2006) proposed to "denationalize" Kievan Rus': contrary to what modern nationalist interpretations had been doing, he argued for 'separating Kyivan Rus' as a multi-ethnic state from the national histories of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Scholarly estimates of Kiev's populationt around 1200 range from 36,000 to 50,000 (at the time, Paris had about 50,000, and London 30,000). Nevertheless, urban merchants, artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political influence through a city assembly, the veche (council), which included all the adult males in the population. [157], The most serious conflict between the two powers was the war of 968971 in Bulgaria, but several Rus' raiding expeditions against the Byzantine cities of the Black Sea coast and Constantinople itself are also recorded. Russian victory Destruction of the Carolean army Decline of the Swedish Empire Turning point in the Great Northern War. . "There was little need for complex social structures to carry out these exchanges in the forests north of the steppes. In anticipation, Norway has assumed a larger role in the military developments in the Arctic, and not surprisingly, Russia has made known its displeasure with the close military cooperation between the U.S. and Norway and with the growing number of U.S. military assets in Norway. [30][31]:697 From the late tenth century, Vladimir the Great and Yaroslav the Wise tried to associate the name with all of the extended princely domains, but in the specific sense it continued to refer to this triangular territory east of the middle Dnieper until after the disintegration of Kievan Rus'. The Imperial capital essentially stood defenceless. [138] This changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, Kievan Rus' stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east,[18][19] uniting the East Slavic tribes. John Lind, Varangians in Europe's Eastern and Northern Periphery, Ennen & nyt (2004:4). To the very north, the Novgorod and Pskov Feudal Republics were less autocratic than Vladimir-Suzdal-Moscow until they were absorbed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. [107][115] On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code; they were theoretically equal to the prince; so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. [citation needed], Rus'-Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of the porphyrogenita Anna to Vladimir the Great, and the subsequent Christianization of the Rus': Byzantine priests, architects and artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus', expanding Byzantine cultural influence even further. History of Ukraine. Norway has condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine. ", "The most notable aspect of the criminal provisions was that punishments took the form of seizure of property, banishment, or, more often, payment of a fine. Graphic History of Kievan Rus from c. 800 to 988, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&oldid=1149231128, States and territories established in the 870s, States and territories disestablished in 1240, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from January 2023, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text, Articles containing Old Norse-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. [32] In the 19th century it also appeared in Ukrainian: , romanized:Kyivska Rus. World News Reuters Updated: May 18, 2022 4:44 pm IST [136], The unconventional power succession system fomented constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family. Later, as these territories, now part of modern central Ukraine and Belarus, fell to the Gediminids, the powerful, largely Ruthenized Grand Duchy of Lithuania drew heavily on Rus' cultural and legal traditions. [139] By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state fragmented even further, into roughly twelve different principalities. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has again condemned Russia over its invasion of Ukraine, calling for Moscow's immediate withdrawal and an end to the fighting. [citation needed], Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. [citation needed], The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in a couple of years returned to establish the order. [124][non-primary source needed] The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them,[125] though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power. Metropolitan Maxim was the first metropolitan who chose Vladimir-upon-Klyazma as his official residence in 1299. Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Stre confirmed shortly after the invasion began that there was no evidence of increased Russian military actions near the European Arctic, including on the Norwegian-Russian frontier, (Northern Norway's land border with Russia is 196km long, and the two states share a sea boundary in the Barents Sea). Modern historians from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine alike consider Kievan Rus' the first period of their modern countries' histories. The Russians had to provide sustenance and lodgings for Mongol envoys, although tax exemptions were awarded to villages that had to bear the brunt of these costs. [93] The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. [33] In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia,[34] to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus'. [110], After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs to Christianity. ", Pickov, Dana, O potcch sttu Rus, in: Historick obzor 18, 2007, .11/12, s. 253261, Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings? [78] According to the Primary Chronicle, in 88082, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir: "Oleg set himself up as prince in Kyiv, and declared that it should be the "mother of Rus' cities. [2], The state began to decline in the late 11th century, gradually disintegrating into various rival regional powers throughout the 12th century. '", "By means of these marital ties, Kievan Rus' became well known throughout Europe. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, and legends and literature from centuries later. [130], Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. [citation needed], Following the Mongol invasion of Cumania (or the Kipchaks), in which case many Cuman rulers fled to Rus', such as Kten, the state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of Rus', fragmenting it into successor principalities who paid tribute to the Golden Horde (the so-called Tatar Yoke). A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the prince would be associated with a certain horse. Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:[156]. [94] The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.
